In chemistry, pH (Potential Hydrogen) is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Pure water is neutral, with a pH close to 7.0 at 25*°C (77*°F). Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline. pH measurements are important in medicine, biology, chemistry, agriculture, forestry, food science, environmental science, oceanography, civil engineering and many other applications.
Here are a few pictures to help visualize the scale and where things we deal with fall into it.
Pure (de-ionized) water is neutral, and can be considered either a very weak acid or a very weak base, giving it a pH of 7 (at 25*°C (77*°F)), or 0.0000001 M H+.
The pH has no upper or lower limit and can be lower than 0 or higher than 14, although with water, it is limited by the acidity and basicity of water. For an aqueous solution to have a higher pH, a base must be dissolved in it, which binds away many of these rare hydrogen ions.
Most of the Earth's freshwater bodies surface are slightly acidic due to the abundance and absorption of carbon dioxide; in fact, for millennia in the past, most fresh water bodies have had a slightly acidic pH.
Side note I found interesting:
Runoff from mines or mine tailings can produce some of the most acidic pHs ever reported; with negative pHs measured and reported in the literature as low as pH ?3.6.
It is interesting to note that the pH scale is a logarithmic scale. This means that a change of one pH unit indicates a ten fold increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions. For instance, a solution that has a pH of 2 has ten times as many free H+ ions as a solution with a pH of 3!
How can the pH of a substance be known?
For accurate pH value readings, we can test a spot in question with Hydrion paper or pH strips. The spot to be tested is moistened with distilled water (neutral, which is pH 7) and blotted with the test paper to give a reading.
Once the pH has been determined, a cleaning product can be chosen which is best suited to neutralize the offending spot.